We review recent payments made to prematurely end biotech licensing deals.

Nexell failed to take advantage of the financing window for biotech last year, instead opting to establish a $25 million equity line of financing in January 2001. Some observers say its former parent, Baxter, is still calling the shots, including blocking any financing activities that would significantly dilute its investment. How aggressively Nexell draws down the $25 million may serve as an indicator of management's current commitment and belief in itself.

With an increasing number of therapies derived from a patient's own cells, companies now have experience to draw on in designing commercial infrastructures for delivering these un-drug-like products. Indeed, armed with some small experience around how well they fit--or don't fit--into standard medical practice, cell-based therapies may finally be going commercial. And not only in terms of a transition from acute to chronic wound healing indications, where commercial success was first anticipated, but also as stem cell therapies, which would open up a multi-billon dollar opportunity in regenerative medicine, including replacements for organ and transplant surgery and cures for diabetes and neurological diseases such as Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease, as well as autologous cancer immunotherapies. These companies are finding value in the experiences of earlier, technology-constrained companies whose attempts at developing cell therapies failed--Applied Immune Sciences and Systemix Inc., for example, both of which have virtually disappeared. Companies today are trying to overcome the challenges of product preparation, process standardization, and delivery. Other first generation cell therapy companies, like Genzyme Tissue Repair and Cell Genesys Inc., are still around. That a number of senior executives at today's leading-edge cell-therapy companies cut their eye teeth at those first-generation start-ups attests to their continuing belief in the broad commercial opportunities these technologies offer. But significant questions remain: Can companies solve the production economics of delivering products that require cell culture and expansion using a centralized, company-controlled laboratory model? The alternative, a decentralized technology transfer approach, would bring the product closer to the patient, but raises the question of whether the technology exists to standardize processes and satisfy regulators' quality concerns. Then, if these issues are solved, one must ask whether a hospital lab is the right setting for a commercial operation. Are there better commercial infrastructures, such as blood processing centers, with which companies could form alliances? And does the prospect of developing off-the-shelf, allogeneic-cell therapies-mass-produced stem cells that can pass the immune system undetected or vaccines derived from shared tumor antigens from cell lines, for example-threaten to obsolete autologous products before they become profitable?

Xcyte Therapies, a company 're-started' through the 1997 merger of CDR Therapeutics and CellGenEx, is developing ex vivo cellular therapies for immune system stimulation using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads.